Bose-Einstein statistics
Main article: Bose-Einstein condensation A Bose–Einstein condensate is a state of matter of a dilute gas of weakly interacting bosons confined in an external potential and cooled to temperatures very near to absolute zero (0 K, −273.15 °C, or −459.67 °F). Under such conditions, a large fraction of the bosons collapse into the lowest quantum state of the external potential, andIn 1924, Einstein received a description of a statistical Statistical mechanics is the application of probability theory, which includes mathematical tools for dealing with large populations, to the field of mechanics, which is concerned with the motion of particles or objects when subjected to a force. It provides a framework for relating the microscopic properties of individual atoms and molecules to model from Indian India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 physicist Satyendra Nath Bose Satyendra Nath Bose (1 January 1894 – 4 February 1974), FRS, was an Indian physicist from the state of West Bengal, specializing in mathematical physics. He is best known for his work on quantum mechanics in the early 1920s, providing the foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate. He is honoured as, based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles. Einstein noted that Bose's statistics applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted his translation of Bose's paper to the Zeitschrift für Physik The Zeitschrift für Physik was a German academic journal published from 1920 until 1997. During the early 20th century, it was considered one of the most prestigious journals in physics. In 1998, it was in effect continued as The European Physical Journal. Einstein also published his own articles describing the model and its implications, among them the Bose–Einstein condensate phenomenon that some particulates should appear at very low temperatures [59]. It was not until 1995 that the first such condensate was produced experimentally by Eric Allin Cornell Eric Allin Cornell is a physicist who, along with Carl E. Wieman, was able to synthesize the first Bose-Einstein condensate in 1995. For their efforts, Cornell, Wieman, and Wolfgang Ketterle shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 and Carl Wieman Carl Edwin Wieman is an American physicist at the University of British Columbia and Nobel Prize in Physics laureate for his production in 1995 with Eric Allin Cornell, the first true Bose-Einstein condensate using ultra-cooling Ultracold atoms is a term used to describe atoms that are maintained at temperatures close to 0 kelvins , typically below some tenths of microkelvins (µK) (at 1.7 x 10 - 7 K the first Bose-Einstein condensation was observed), where their quantum-mechanical properties become important. In other words, the atoms are so cold that they can no longer equipment built at the NIST The National Institute of Standards and Technology , known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory which is a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce. The institute's mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement-JILA JILA, formerly known as the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, is one of the leading physical science research institutes in the United States. Its faculty, graduate students, and postdoctoral research associates explore some of today's most challenging and fundamental scientific questions. JILA is located at the base of the Rocky laboratory at the University of Colorado at Boulder.[60] Bose–Einstein statistics are now used to describe the behaviors of any assembly of bosons In particle physics, bosons are particles which obey Bose-Einstein statistics; they are named after Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein. In contrast to fermions, which obey Fermi-Dirac statistics, several bosons can occupy the same quantum state. Thus, bosons with the same energy can occupy the same place in space. Therefore bosons are often. Einstein's sketches for this project may be seen in the Einstein Archive in the library of the Leiden University Leiden University , located in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. The university was founded in 1575 by Prince William of Orange, leader of the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years' War. The royal Dutch House of Orange-Nassau and Leiden University still have a close relationship. The Queens Juliana and Beatrix and crown-.[28]
<<Table of Contents Albert Einstein was an ethnically Jewish, German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.". He is often | Next>> | Show All>>
