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| Albert Einstein's Family The Einstein family is the family of famous scientist, Albert Einstein. Einstein's great-great-great-great-grandfather, Jakob Weil, is his oldest recorded relative, born around the turn of the 18th Century, and the family continues to this day. Albert Einstein's great-great-grandfather, Löb Moses Sontheimer , was also the grandfather of the |
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Pauline Koch Pauline Einstein (February 8, 1858 – February 20, 1920) is the mother of the physicist Albert Einstein. She was born in Cannstatt, Württemberg. She was Jewish and had an older sister, Fanny, and two older brothers, Jacob and Caesar. Her parents were Julius Doerzbacher, who had accepted the family name Koch in 1842 and Jette Bernheimer. They had · Hermann Einstein Hermann Einstein was born in Buchau, Württemberg to his parents Abraham Einstein (1808–1868) and Helene Moos (1814–1887), who had married in Buchau in April 1839. The family were German Jews. He had three brothers (August Ignaz, Heinrich and Jakob) and two sisters (Jette and Friederike) · Albert Einstein · Maja Einstein
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Hans Albert Einstein Hans Albert Einstein was a professor of hydraulic engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, and the first son (second child) of renowned physicist Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and his first wife Mileva Marić (1875–1948) · Eduard Einstein Eduard Einstein was born in Zurich, the second son (third child) of physicist Albert Einstein and his first wife Mileva Marić. Einstein and his family moved to Berlin in 1914, but shortly thereafter Mileva returned to Zurich, taking Eduard and his brother · Lieserl Einstein Lieserl Einstein (born January, 1902 – last recorded in 1903; date of death unknown) was the first child of physicist Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić
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Bernhard Caesar Einstein Bernhard Caesar Einstein was a physicist, the son of Hans Albert Einstein. He was the last known surviving grandchild of renowned physicist Albert Einstein (son of Hans Albert Einstein)
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Mileva Marić · Elsa Einstein Elsa Einstein was a German cousin and the second wife of Albert Einstein. Elsa had the surname of Einstein at birth, lost it when she took the name of her first husband Max Löwenthal, and regained it in 1919 when she married her cousin Albert
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| Nobel Laureates The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in chemistry, Nobel Prize in literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. The first Nobel |
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Wilhelm Röntgen Following transliteration conventions for characters accented by an umlaut, "Röntgen" in English is spelled "Roentgen", and that is the usual rendering found in English-language scientific and medical references (1901) · Hendrik Lorentz Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations subsequently used by Albert Einstein to describe space and time (--see Relativity priority dispute) / Pieter Zeeman Pieter Zeeman (25 May 1865 – 9 October 1943) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hendrik Lorentz for his discovery of the Zeeman effect (1902) · Henri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and one of the discoverers of radioactivity. He won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering radioactivity / Pierre Curie Pierre Curie was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity, and Nobel laureate. In 1903 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Maria Skłodowska-Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the / Marie Curie (1903) · Lord Rayleigh John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh OM was an English physicist who, with William Ramsay, discovered the element argon, an achievement for which he earned the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1904. He also discovered the phenomenon now called Rayleigh scattering, explaining why the sky is blue, and predicted the existence of the surface waves now (1904) · Philipp Lenard Philipp Eduard Anton von Lénárd or Fülöp Lénárd was a Hungarian-German physicist and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his research on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties. He was also an active proponent of Nazi ideology (1905) · J. J. Thomson Sir Joseph John “J. J.” Thomson, OM, FRS was a British physicist and Nobel laureate, credited for the discovery of the electron and of isotopes, and the invention of the mass spectrometer. He was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the electron and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases (1906) · Albert Michelson Albert Abraham Michelson was an American physicist known for his work on the measurement of the speed of light and especially for the Michelson-Morley experiment. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics. He became the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in sciences (1907) · Gabriel Lippmann Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann was a Franco-Luxembourgish physicist and inventor, and Nobel laureate in physics for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference, later known as the Lippmann plate (1908) · Guglielmo Marconi Marchese Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian inventor, best known for his development of a radiotelegraph system, which served as the foundation for the establishment of numerous affiliated companies worldwide. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun, "in recognition of their contributions to the development of / Ferdinand Braun Karl Ferdinand Braun was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel laureate in physics (1909). Braun contributed significantly to the development of the radio and TV technology: won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 (1909) · Johannes van der Waals Johannes Diderik van der Waals was a Dutch physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his work on an equation of state for gases and liquids (1910) · Wilhelm Wien Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (13 January 1864 – 30 August 1928) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature (1911) · Gustaf Dalén Nils Gustaf Dalén was a Swedish Nobel Laureate and industrialist, the founder of the AGA company and inventor of the AGA cooker and the Dalén light. In 1912 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys" (1912) · Kamerlingh Onnes Heike Kamerlingh Onnes was a Dutch physicist. His scientific career was spent exploring extremely cold refrigeration techniques and the associated phenomena (1913) · Max von Laue Max Theodor Felix von Laue was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals. He was strongly opposed to National Socialism. In addition to his scientific endeavors with contributions in optics, crystallography, quantum theory, superconductivity, and the theory of (1914) · W. L. Bragg Sir William Lawrence Bragg, CH, OBE, MC, FRS was an English physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915 with his father Sir William Henry Bragg. He was the director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge when the epochal discovery of the structure of DNA was made by James Watson and Francis Crick in February 1953 / W. H. Bragg Sir William Henry Bragg OM, KBE was a British physicist and chemist who uniquely shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with his son, William Lawrence Bragg, in 1915 (1915) · Charles Barkla (1917) · Max Planck Max Planck was a German physicist. He is considered to be the founder of the quantum theory, and thus one of the most important physicists of the twentieth century. Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 (1918) · Johannes Stark Johannes Stark was a German physicist, and Physics Nobel Prize laureate who was closely involved with the Deutsche Physik movement under the Nazi regime (1919) · Charles Guillaume (1920) · Albert Einstein (1921) · Niels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr mentored and collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his institute in Copenhagen. He was also part of the team of physicists (1922) · Robert Millikan Robert Andrews Millikan was an American experimental physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect. He served as president of Caltech from 1921 to 1945 (1923) · Manne Siegbahn (1924) · James Franck Franck completed his Ph.D. in 1906 and received his venia legendi for physics in 1911, both at the University of Berlin, where he lectured and taught until 1918, having reached the position of extraordinarius professor. After World War I, in which he served and was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class, Franck became the Head of the Physics Division of / Gustav Hertz Gustav Ludwig Hertz was a German experimental physicist and Nobel Prize winner, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1925)
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| Philosophy of science The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science. The field is defined by an interest in one of a set of "traditional" problems or an interest in central or foundational concerns in science. In addition to these central problems for science as a whole, many philosophers of science |
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Epistemology Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge. It addresses the questions: · History and philosophy of science The history and philosophy of science is an academic discipline that encompasses the philosophy of science and the history of science. Although many scholars in the field are trained primarily as either historians or as philosophers, there are degree-granting departments of HPS at several prominent universities (see below) · History of science Science is a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world, produced by a global community of researchers making use of scientific methods, which emphasize the observation, explanation, and adequate prediction of real world phenomena by experiment. Given the dual status of science as objective knowledge and as a · History of evolutionary thought Evolutionary thought, the conception that species change over time, has its roots in antiquity, in the ideas of the Greeks, Romans, Chinese and Arabs. However, until the 18th century, Western biological thinking was dominated by essentialism, the belief that every species has essential characteristics that are unalterable. This began to change · Philosophy of biology The philosophy of biology is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences. Although philosophers of science and philosophers generally have long been interested in biology , philosophy of biology only emerged as an independent field of philosophy · Philosophy of chemistry The philosophy of chemistry considers the methodology and underlying assumptions of the science of chemistry. It is explored by philosophers, chemists, and philosopher-chemist teams. For much of its history, philosophy of science has been dominated by the philosophy of physics, but the philosophical questions that arise from chemistry have · Philosophy of physics In philosophy, the philosophy of physics studies the fundamental philosophical questions underlying modern physics, the study of matter and energy and how they interact. The philosophy of physics begins by reflecting on the basic metaphysical and epistemological questions posed by physics: causality, determinism, and the nature of physical law. It · Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind is a branch of modern analytic philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, consciousness and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain. The mind-body problem, i.e. the relationship of the mind to the body, is commonly seen as the central issue in · Philosophy of artificial intelligence These three questions reflect the divergent interests of AI researchers, philosophers and cognitive scientists respectively. The answers to these questions depend on how one defines "intelligence" or "consciousness" and exactly which "machines" are under discussion · Philosophy of information The philosophy of information is the area of research that studies conceptual issues arising at the intersection of computer science, information technology, and philosophy · Philosophy of perception The philosophy of perception concerns how mental processes and symbols depend on the world internal and external to the perceiver. Our perception of the external world begins with the senses, which lead us to generate empirical concepts representing the world around us, within a mental framework relating new concepts to preexisting ones · Philosophy of space and time Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time was both an inspiration for and a central aspect of early analytic philosophy. The subject · Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics The philosophy of thermal and statistical physics is that part of the philosophy of physics whose subject matter is classical thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and related theories. Its central questions include: What is entropy, and what does the second law of thermodynamics say about it? Does either thermodynamics or statistical mechanics · Philosophy of social sciences · Philosophy of environment · Philosophy of psychology · Philosophy of technology · Philosophy of computer science · Pseudoscience · Relationship between religion and science · Rhetoric of science · Sociology of scientific knowledge
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| Concepts in philosophy of science |
Analysis • Analytic-synthetic distinction • A priori and a posteriori • Artificial intelligence • Causality • Commensurability • Construct • Demarcation problem • Explanatory power • Fact • Falsifiability • Ignoramus et ignorabimus • Inductive reasoning • Ingenuity • Inquiry • Models of scientific inquiry • Nature • Objectivity • Observation • Paradigm • Problem of induction • Scientific explanation • Scientific law • Scientific method • Scientific revolution • Scientific theory • Testability • Theory choice • more... •
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| Theories of science |
Confirmation holism • Coherentism • Contextualism • Conventionalism • Deductive-nomological model • Determinism · Empiricism · Fallibilism · Foundationalism · Hypothetico-deductive model • Infinitism · Instrumentalism · Positivism • Pragmatism • Rationalism • Received view of theories • Reductionism • Semantic view of theories • Scientific realism • Scientism · Scientific anti-realism · Skepticism • Uniformitarianism • Vitalism
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| Philosophers of science |
Albert Einstein • Alfred North Whitehead • Aristotle • Auguste Comte • Averroes • Berlin Circle • Carl Gustav Hempel • C. D. Broad • Charles Sanders Peirce • Dominicus Gundissalinus • Daniel Dennett • Epicurians • Francis Bacon • Friedrich Schelling • Galileo Galilei • Henri Poincaré • Herbert Spencer • Hugh of Saint Victor • Immanuel Kant • Imre Lakatos • Isaac Newton • John Dewey • John Stuart Mill • Jürgen Habermas • Karl Pearson • Karl Popper • Karl Theodor Jaspers • Otto Neurath • Paul Haeberlin • Paul Karl Feyerabend • Pierre Duhem • Pierre Gassendi • Plato • R.B. Braithwaite • René Descartes • Robert Kilwardby • Roger Bacon • Rudolf Carnap • Stephen Toulmin • Stoics • Thomas Hobbes • Thomas Samuel Kuhn • Vienna Circle • W.V.O. Quine • Wilhelm Windelband • Wilhelm Wundt • William of Ockham • William Whewell • more...
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