Notes

  1. ^ Hans-Josef, Küpper (2000). "Various things about Albert Einstein". einstein-website.de. http://www.einstein-website.de/z_information/variousthings.html. Retrieved on 2009-07-18.
  2. ^ Rowe, David E., ed (2007-04-16). Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb. Robert Schulmann (Editor). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691120942. http://books.google.com/books?id=AIHgK-p6mhgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Einstein+on+Politics%22. "By heritage I am a Jew, by nationality Swiss, by conviction a human being and only a human being with no particular penchant for a state or national entity."
  3. ^ Speregen, Devra Newberger (2008-05-08). Albert Einstein: The Jewish Man Behind the Theory. Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 978-0827608245. http://www.amazon.com/Albert-Einstein-Jewish-Behind-Theory/dp/0827608241.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921". Nobel Foundation The Nobel Foundation is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. The Foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. It also holds Nobel Symposia on important breakthroughs in science and topics of cultural or social significance. Archived from the original on 2008-10-05. http://www.webcitation.org/5bLXMl1V0. Retrieved on 2007-03-06.
  5. ^ a b Paul Arthur Schilpp, editor (1951). Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, Volume II. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition). pp. 730–746. His non-scientific works include: About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein (1930), "Why War?" (1933, co-authored by Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud , born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing psychopathology), The World As I See It (1934), Out of My Later Years (1950), and a book on science for the general reader, The Evolution of Physics (1938, co-authored by Leopold Infeld Leopold Infeld was a Polish physicist. He was a Rockefeller fellow at Cambridge University (1933–1934) and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Albert Einstein — Biography". Nobel Foundation The Nobel Foundation is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes. The Foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite. It also holds Nobel Symposia on important breakthroughs in science and topics of cultural or social significance. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-07.
  7. ^ Howard, Don, and Stachel, John J. Einstein: The Formative Years, 1879-1909, p. 159, Springer (2000)
  8. ^ Schilpp (Ed.), P. A. (1979). Albert Einstein — Autobiographical Notes. Open Court Publishing Company The Open Court Publishing Company is a publisher with offices in Chicago and La Salle, Illinois. It is part of the Carus Publishing Company of Peru, Illinois. pp. 8–9.
  9. ^ Rosenkranz, Ze'ev (2005). Albert Einstein — Derrière l'image. Neue Zürcher Zeitung The Neue Zürcher Zeitung is a major German language Swiss daily newspaper based in Zürich. p. 29. ISBN 3-03823-182-7.
  10. ^ Sowell, Thomas (2001). The Einstein Syndrome Einstein Syndrome is a term used to describe exceptionally bright people with a slow development of speech . Beyond the delayed development of speaking, the effects of Einstein syndrome is almost identical to those of Asperger syndrome: Bright Children Who Talk Late. Basic Books Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1952. It publishes books in the fields of psychology, philosophy, economics, science, politics, sociology, current affairs, and history. pp. 89–150. ISBN 0-465-08140-1.
  11. ^ Dudley Herschbach, "Einstein as a Student," Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, page 3, web: HarvardChem-Einstein-PDF: Max Talmud visited on Thursdays for six years.
  12. ^ (Einstein 1979)
  13. ^ Mehra, Jagdish (2001), "Albert Einstein's first paper" (PDF), The Golden Age of Physics, World Scientific, http://www.worldscibooks.com/phy_etextbook/4454/4454_chap1.pdf, retrieved on 2007-03-04
  14. ^ Highfield, Roger; Carter, Paul (1993), The Private Lives of Albert Einstein, London: Faber and Faber Faber and Faber, often abbreviated to Faber, is an independent publishing house in the UK, notable in particular for publishing a great deal of poetry and for its former editor T. S. Eliot. Faber has a rich tradition of publishing a wide range of fiction, non fiction, drama, film and music books, as well as books for children. In 2006 the company, p. 21, ISBN 0-571-17170-2
  15. ^ Highfield (1993, pp. 21,31,56–57)
  16. ^ Letter Einstein to Marić on 3 October 1900 (Collected Papers Vol. 1, document 79).
  17. ^ "A Brief Biography of Albert Einstein". April 2005. http://www.ssqq.com/archive/alberteinstein.htm. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  18. ^ Alberto A Martínez (April 2004). "Arguing about Einstein's wife". Physics World. http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/19267. Retrieved on 21 November 2005.
  19. ^ Allen Esterson. "Mileva Marić: Einstein’s Wife". http://www.esterson.org/milevamaric.htm. Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
  20. ^ John Stachel. "“Albert Einstein and Mileva Maric. A Collaboration That Failed to Develop” in: Creative Couples in the Sciences, H. M. Pycior et al. (ed)" (PDF). http://philoscience.unibe.ch/lehre/winter99/einstein/Stachel1966.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-02-23.
  21. ^ This conclusion is from Einstein's correspondence with Marić. Lieserl is first mentioned in a letter from Einstein to Marić (who was staying with her family in or near Novi Sad at the time of Lieserl's birth) dated 4 February 1902 (Collected papers Vol. 1, document 134).
  22. ^ Albrecht Fölsing (1998). Albert Einstein: A Biography. Penguin Group. ISBN 0140237194; see section I, II,
  23. ^ Highfield 1993, p. 216
  24. ^ Now the "Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property". http://www.ipi.ch/E/institut/i1.shtm. Retrieved on 16 October 2006. . See also their "FAQ about Einstein and the Institute". http://www.ipi.ch/E/institut/i1094.shtm.
  25. ^ Peter Galison, "Einstein's Clocks: The Question of Time" Critical Inquiry 26, no. 2 (Winter 2000): 355–389.
  26. ^ Gallison, Question of Time.
  27. ^ Galison, Peter Peter Louis Galison is the Pellegrino University Professor in History of Science and Physics at Harvard University (2003). Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps: Empires of Time. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393020010.
  28. ^ a b "Einstein archive at the Instituut-Lorentz." Instituut-Lorentz. 2005. Retrieved on 21 November 2005.
  29. ^ This did not become possible until the development of alpha particle scintillation detectors early in the twentieth century. Rutherford invited Mach to take a look at the scintillation screen in a dark room, where the impact of individual alpha particles (Helium nuclei) are directly visible to the dark adapted eye.
  30. ^ (Einstein 1905b)
  31. ^ an account may be found here
  32. ^ The charge of a mole of electrons was known and measured as Faraday's constant In physics and chemistry, the Faraday constant is the magnitude of electric charge per mole of electrons. While most uses of the Faraday constant, denoted F, have been replaced by the standard SI unit, the coulomb, the Faraday is still widely used in calculations in electrochemistry. It has the currently accepted value:. Dividing by the charge of a single electron, measured by Millikan, gives Avogadro's number.
  33. ^ (Einstein 1905d)
  34. ^ Hawking, S. W. Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA is a British theoretical physicist. Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge (but intends to retire from this post in 2009), a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and the distinguished research chair at Waterloo's Perimeter Institute for Theoretical (2001), The Universe in a Nutshell, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-55-380202-X
  35. ^ Schwartz, J.; McGuinness, M. (1979), Einstein for Beginners, Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-39-450588-3
  36. ^ (Einstein 1905e)
  37. ^ For a discussion of the reception of relativity theory around the world, and the different controversies it encountered, see the articles in Thomas F. Glick, ed., The Comparative Reception of Relativity (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1987), ISBN 9027724989.
  38. ^ Pais, Abraham Abraham Pais (May 19, 1918, Amsterdam, The Netherlands — July 28, 2000, Copenhagen, Denmark) was a Dutch-born American physicist and science historian. Pais earned his Ph.D. from University of Utrecht just prior to a Nazi ban on Jewish participation in Dutch universities during World War II. When the Nazis began the forced relocation of Dutch (1982), Subtle is the Lord. The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, pp. 382–386, ISBN 0-19-520438-7
  39. ^ Einstein, Albert (1905). "Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt". Annalen der Physik 17: 132–148. http://www.zbp.univie.ac.at/dokumente/einstein1.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-06-27.
  40. ^ (Einstein 1905a).
  41. ^ Pais, Abraham Abraham Pais (May 19, 1918, Amsterdam, The Netherlands — July 28, 2000, Copenhagen, Denmark) was a Dutch-born American physicist and science historian. Pais earned his Ph.D. from University of Utrecht just prior to a Nazi ban on Jewish participation in Dutch universities during World War II. When the Nazis began the forced relocation of Dutch (1982), Subtle is the Lord. The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, Oxford University Press, p. 522, ISBN 0-19-520438-7
  42. ^ Levenson, Thomas. "Einstein's Big Idea." Public Broadcasting Service The Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcasting television service with 354 member TV stations in the United States. It is owned collectively by its member stations. However, its operations are largely funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Its east coast headquarters are in Arlington, Virginia, with west. 2005. Retrieved on 25 February 2006.
  43. ^ Einstein, A.. "Relativitätsprinzip und die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen (On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It)". Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität (Yearbook of Radioactivity) 4: 411–462. page 454 (Wir betrachen zwei Bewegung systeme ...)
  44. ^ Einstein, Albert (1911). "On the Influence of Gravity on the Propagation of Light". Annalen der Physik 35: 898–908. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks . These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean:10.1002/andp.19113401005. (also in Collected Papers Vol. 3, document 23)
  45. ^ a b Crelinsten, Jeffrey. "Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity." Princeton University Press The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. Its mission is to disseminate scholarship within academia and society at large. 2006. Retrieved on 13 March 2007. ISBN 9780691123103
  46. ^ (Einstein 1915)
  47. ^ "Two friends in Leiden". http://www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl/history/einstein/einstein.html. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  48. ^ Crelinsten, Jeffrey (2006), Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity, Princeton University Press, pp. 103–108, ISBN 978-0-691-12310-3, http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/8165.html, retrieved on 2007-03-13
  49. ^ Crelinsten, Jeffrey (2006), Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity, Princeton University Press, pp. 114–119, ISBN 978-0-691-12310-3, http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/titles/8165.html, retrieved on 2007-03-13
  50. ^ a b Andrzej, Stasiak (2003). "Myths in science". EMBO reports 4 (3): 236. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks . These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean:10.1038/sj.embor.embor779. http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v4/n3/full/embor779.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
  51. ^ "The genius of space and time". The Guardian. 2005-09-17. http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/scienceandnature/0,,1571826,00.html. Retrieved on 2007-03-31.
  52. ^ Schmidhuber, Jürgen. "Albert Einstein (1879–1955) and the 'Greatest Scientific Discovery Ever'." 2006. Retrieved on 4 October 2006.
  53. ^ See the table in MathPages Bending Light
  54. ^ Hentschel, Klaus and Ann M. (1996), Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources, Birkhaeuser Verlag, xxi, ISBN 3-76-435312-0
  55. ^ For a discussion of astronomers' attitudes and debates about relativity, see Crelinsten, Jeffrey (2006), Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity, Princeton University Press , especially chapters 6, 9, 10 and 11.
  56. ^ (Einstein 1917a)
  57. ^ Kant, Horst. "Albert Einstein and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics The Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft is a German entity formally known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e. V. . The Kaiser Wilhelm Society was the umbrella organization for the institutes, testing stations, and units spawned under its authority in Berlin." in Renn, Jürgen. "Albert Einstein — Chief Engineer of the Universe: One Hundred Authors for Einstein." Ed. Renn, Jürgen. Wiley-VCH. 2005. pp. 166–169. ISBN = 3527405747
  58. ^ (Einstein 1917b)
  59. ^ (Einstein 1924)
  60. ^ "Cornell and Wieman Share 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics". 2001-10-09. http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/n01-04.htm. Retrieved on 2007-06-11.
  61. ^ (Einstein 1950)
  62. ^ [1]
  63. ^ Moore, Walter (1989). Schrödinger: Life and Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43767-9.
  64. ^ Goettling, Gary. Einstein's refrigerator Georgia Tech Alumni Magazine. 1998. Retrieved on 21 November 2005. Leó Szilárd Leó Szilárd was a Hungarian physicist who conceived the nuclear chain reaction and worked on the Manhattan Project. He was born in Budapest under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and died in La Jolla, California, a Hungarian physicist who later worked on the Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was the codename for a project conducted during World War II to develop the first atomic bomb. The project was led by the United States, and included scientists from the United Kingdom and Canada. Formally designated as the Manhattan Engineer District , it refers specifically to the period of the project from 1942–1946, is credited with the discovery of the chain reaction A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events. Examples of chain reactions include:
  65. ^ In September 2008 it was reported that Malcolm McCulloch of Oxford University The University of Oxford , located in the City of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world. It is also regarded as one of the world's leading academic institutions and best university in the UK according to all recent League tables of British universities. The name is sometimes abbreviated as Oxon was heading a three-year project to develop more robust appliances that could be used in locales lacking electricity, and that his team had completed a prototype Einstein refrigerator. He was quoted as saying that improving the design and changing the types of gases used might allow the design's efficiency to be quadrupled.Alok, Jha (21 September 2008). "Einstein fridge design can help global cooling". The Guardian The Guardian is a British daily newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Founded in 1821, it is unique among major British newspapers in being owned by a foundation (the Scott Trust, via the Guardian Media Group). http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2008/sep/21/scienceofclimatechange.climatechange.
  66. ^ (Einstein 1969).A reprint of this book was published by Edition Erbrich in 1982, ISBN 388682005X
  67. ^ (Einstein 1935)
  68. ^ Aspect, Alain; Dalibard, Jean; Roger, Gérard (1982). "Experimental test of Bell's inequalities using time-varying analyzers". Physical Review Letters 49 (25): 1804–1807. doi The Digital Object Identifier System is a managed system for persistent identification of content-related entities on digital networks . These entities may be content items (digital files, physical objects, abstract works), or any related entities in a content transaction (e.g. licenses, parties, etc.). "DOI" is sometimes used to mean:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1804. The first of many experimental tests relating to EPR.
  69. ^ Brian, Dennis (1996), Einstein: A Life, New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 127, ISBN 0-471-11459-6
  70. ^ Albert Einstein in a letter to M. Berkowitz, 25 October 1950; Einstein Archive 59–215; from Alice Calaprice, ed., The New Quotable Einstein, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000, p. 216.
  71. ^ "Albert Einstein (1879–1955)". http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/quotes_einstein.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
  72. ^ Helen Dukas and Banesh Hoffman (eds) (1981). Albert Einstein, The Human Side. Princeton University Press The Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University. Its mission is to disseminate scholarship within academia and society at large. p. 43.
  73. ^ Einstein, Albert (1949). The World as I See It. New York: Philosophical Library. ISBN 0806527900. http://www.einsteinandreligion.com/worldsee2.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-14.
  74. ^ Clark, Ronald W. Ronald William Clark was a British author of biography, fiction and non-fiction (1971), Einstein: The Life and Times, Avon, ISBN 0-380-44123-3
  75. ^ "Nationalist-Communist Civil War 1927–1937". http://san.beck.org/15-4-ChinaCivilWar1927-37.html. Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
  76. ^ Zionism and Israel Information Center, Albert Einstein and Zionism, http://www.zionism-israel.com/Albert_Einstein/Albert_Einstein_about_zionism.htm, retrieved on 2008-08-14
  77. ^ ASIN: B00085M906
  78. ^ Available in reprint paperback from Filiquarian Publishing, LLC, ISBN 1599869659.
  79. ^ American Museum of Natural History The American Museum of Natural History , located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA, is one of the largest and most celebrated museums in the world. Located in park-like grounds, the Museum comprises 25 interconnected buildings that house 46 permanent exhibition halls, research laboratories, and its renowned library (2002), Einstein's Revolution, http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/revolution/index.php, retrieved on 2007-03-14
  80. ^ See the AMNH site's popup of translated letter from Freud, in the section "Freud and Einstein", regarding proposed joint presentation on "What can be done to rid mankind of the menace of war?"
  81. ^ Rowe, David E.; Schulmann, Robert (2007), Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691120943
  82. ^ Jewish Virtual Library, Albert Einstein on Zionism, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Quote/einsteinq.html, retrieved on 2008-08-14
  83. ^ Albert Einstein Archives (2007), "History of the Estate of Albert Einstein", Albert Einstein Archives, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, http://albert-einstein.org/history5.html, retrieved on 2007-03-25
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  86. ^ Clark, R. "Einstein: The Life and Times" Harper-Collins, 1984. 880 pp.
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  88. ^ "An Albert Einstein Chronology". American Institute of Physics AIP is a 501(3) not-for-profit membership corporation created for the purpose of promoting the advancement and diffusion of the knowledge of physics and its application to human welfare. It is the mission of the Institute to serve the sciences of physics and astronomy by serving its member societies, by serving individual scientists, and by. http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/chron.htm. Retrieved on 2007-08-06.
  89. ^ The International Rescue Committee gives support and shelter to refugees of social and political persecution.
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  92. ^ Hawking, S. W. Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA is a British theoretical physicist. Hawking is the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge (but intends to retire from this post in 2009), a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge and the distinguished research chair at Waterloo's Perimeter Institute for Theoretical (1988), A Brief History of Time: The updated and expanded tenth anniversary edition, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-55-338016-8
  93. ^ Discover Magazine March 2008. "Chain Reaction: From Einstein to the Atomic Bomb". http://discovermagazine.com/2008/mar/18-chain-reaction-from-einstein-to-the-atomic-bomb.
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<<Table of Contents Albert Einstein was an ethnically Jewish, German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.". He is often | Next>> | Show All>>

 

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