Patent office
The Einsteinhaus on the Kramgasse in Bern The city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [ˈbɛrn] ; French: Berne [bɛʀn]; Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna]; Romansh: Berna [ˈbɛrnə]; Bernese German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]) is the Bundesstadt (federal city, de facto capital) of Switzerland, and, with 122,658 people, the fourth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which, where Einstein lived with his wife on the first floor flat during his Annus MirabilisAfter graduating, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching for a teaching post, but a former classmate's father helped him secure a job in Bern The city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [ˈbɛrn] ; French: Berne [bɛʀn]; Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna]; Romansh: Berna [ˈbɛrnə]; Bernese German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]) is the Bundesstadt (federal city, de facto capital) of Switzerland, and, with 122,658 people, the fourth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which, at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property The Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property is the federal agency in charge of intellectual property matters in Switzerland. Its seat is in Bern. The agency is in charge of patents, trademarks, industrial designs and copyright, the patent office, as an assistant examiner A patent examiner or patent clerk is an employee, usually a civil servant, working at a patent office. Major employers of patent examiners are the European Patent Office , the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the Japan Patent Office.[24] He evaluated patent applications A patent application is a request pending at a patent office for the grant of a patent for the invention described and claimed by that application. An application consists of a description of the invention , together with official forms and correspondence relating to the application. The term patent application is also used to refer to the process for electromagnetic devices. In 1903, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was passed over for promotion until he "fully mastered machine technology".[25]
Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments A thought experiment , sometimes called a Gedanken experiment, is a proposal for an experiment that would test or illuminate a hypothesis or theory that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.[26]
Left to right: Conrad Habicht, Maurice Solovine and Einstein, who founded the Olympia AcademyWith friends he met in Bern, Einstein formed a weekly discussion club on science and philosophy, which he jokingly named "The Olympia Academy The group was founded in 1902 by Einstein, Conrad Habicht, and Maurice Solovine, and played a significant role in Einstein's intellectual development. Before his "miracle year" , when Einstein was a patent clerk in Bern, the group of friends met to debate books in the fields of physics and philosophy." Their readings included Henri Poincaré Jules Henri Poincaré (French pronunciation: [ˈʒyl ɑ̃ˈʁi pwɛ̃kaˈʁe]) was a French mathematician and theoretical physicist, and a philosopher of science. Poincaré is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as The Last Universalist, since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime, Ernst Mach Ernst Mach (February 18, 1838–February 19, 1916) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher, remembered for his contributions to physics such as the Mach number and the study of shock-waves. As a philosopher of science, he was a major influence on logical positivism and through his criticism of Newton, a forerunner of Einstein's relativity, and David Hume David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, economist, historian and a key figure in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. (26 April is Hume's birthdate as given in his autobiography; this is correct in the Old Style Julian calendar, but it is 7 May in New Style (Gregorian). Britain moved to the New Style in 1752, during, who influenced Einstein's scientific and philosophical outlook. The next year, Einstein published a paper in the prestigious Annalen der Physik Many very important articles about scientific discoveries have been first published in the journal, including Albert Einstein's Annus Mirabilis Papers in 1905 that provide much of the foundation of modern physics on the capillary forces A common apparatus used to demonstrate the first phenomenon is the capillary tube. When the lower end of a vertical glass tube is placed in a liquid such as water, a concave meniscus forms. Surface tension pulls the liquid column up until there is a sufficient mass of liquid for gravitational forces to overcome the intermolecular forces. The of a straw.[27]
Scientific career
Throughout his life, Einstein published hundreds of books and articles. Most were about physics, but a few expressed leftist political opinions about pacifism Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence as a means of settling disputes or gaining advantage. Pacifism covers a spectrum of views ranging from the belief that international disputes can and should be peacefully resolved; to calls for the abolition of the institutions of the military and war; to opposition to any organization of society, socialism Socialism refers to any one of various theories of economic organization advocating state, public or common worker ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods, and a society characterized by equal access to resources for all individuals with a more egalitarian method of compensation. Modern socialism, and zionism Zionism is the international political movement that originally supported the reestablishment of a homeland for the Jewish People in Palestine. The area was the Jewish Biblical homeland, called the Land of Israel . Since the creation of Israel, the Zionist movement continues primarily as support for the modern state of Israel.[5][6] In addition to the work he did by himself he also collaborated with other scientists on additional projects including the Bose–Einstein statistics, the Einstein refrigerator and others.[28]
<<Table of Contents Albert Einstein was an ethnically Jewish, German-born theoretical physicist. He is best known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.". He is often | Next>> | Show All>>
