An association is the "ultimate classification level" of ecological systems. Local conditions permit several understory species to coexist with the same overstory dominants, and associations refer to the many co-occurring species rather than just the few dominant ones.

Associations have:

  1. A relatively fixed floristic composition
  2. A relatively uniform physiognomy
  3. A tendency to occur in a consistent type of localized habitat
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Categories: Ecological definitions

 

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