Institutions
Louis XIV Louis XIV ruled as King of France and of Navarre. He ascended the throne a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the government until the death of his prime minister (Premier ministre), the Italian Cardinal Jules Mazarin, in 1661. Louis remained on the throne until his death in September 1715, four visiting the Académie des sciences The French Academy of Sciences is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is one of the earliest academies of sciences in 1671Learned societies A learned society is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline or group of disciplines. Membership may be open to all, may require possession of some qualification, or may be an honor conferred by election, as is the case with the oldest learned societies, such as the Polish Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana , the Italian for the communication and promotion of scientific thought and experimentation have existed since the Renaissance The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the period.[19] The oldest surviving institution is the Accademia dei Lincei The Accademia dei Lincei, , is an Italian science academy, located at the Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome, Italy in Italy Italy /ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The.[20] National Academy of Sciences An Academy of Sciences is a national academy or another learned society dedicated to sciences are distinguished institutions that exist in a number of countries, beginning with the British Royal Society The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as the Royal Society, or even the Royal, is a learned society for science that was founded in 1660 and is considered by most to be the oldest such society still in existence. Although a charitable body, it serves as the Academy of Sciences of the United Kingdom in 1660[21] and the French Académie des Sciences The French Academy of Sciences is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is one of the earliest academies of sciences in 1666.[22]
International scientific organizations, such as the International Council for Science The International Council for Science , formerly called the International Council of Scientific Unions, was founded in 1931 as an international non-governmental organization devoted to international co-operation in the advancement of science. Its members are national scientific bodies, and international scientific unions, including the, have since been formed to promote cooperation between the scientific communities of different nations. More recently, influential government agencies have been created to support scientific research, including the National Science Foundation The National Science Foundation is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health. With an annual budget of about $6.02 billion (fiscal year 2008), NSF funds approximately 20 percent of all in the U.S. The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south
Other prominent organizations include the National Scientific and Technical Research Council in Argentina, the academies of science An Academy of Sciences is a national academy or another learned society dedicated to sciences of many nations, CSIRO in Australia, Centre national de la recherche scientifique in France, Max Planck Society and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft is an important German research funding organization and the largest in Europe. The DFG supports research in science and the humanities through a large variety of grant programmes, prizes and by funding infrastructure. The self-governed organization is based in Bonn and financed by the German states and the in Germany, and in Spain, CSIC The Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Spanish or Spanish National Research Council is the largest public research organisation in Spain. Dependent of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the CSIC is multidisciplinary and carries out research in many science fields through its more than 100 centers around Spain. Its.
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