Special relativity (SR) (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the physical theory Theoretical physics is a branch of physics which employs mathematical models and abstractions of physics in an attempt to explain natural phenomena. Its central core is mathematical physics,[note 1] though other conceptual techniques are also used. The goal is to rationalize, explain and predict physical phenomena. The advancement of science of measurement in inertial frames of reference In physics, an inertial frame of reference is a member of the subset of reference frames with the property that every physical law takes the same form in each such frame. In contrast, in the set of non-inertial frames the laws of physics are frame-dependent, and the usual physical forces must be supplemented by fictitious forces. In flat proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (pronounced /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n] ; 14 March 1879–18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist. His many contributions to physics include the special and general theories of relativity, the founding of relativistic cosmology, the first post-Newtonian expansion, explaining the perihelion (after the considerable and independent contributions of Hendrik Lorentz Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations subsequently used by Albert Einstein to describe space and time, Henri Poincaré Jules Henri Poincaré (French pronunciation: [ˈʒyl ɑ̃ˈʁi pwɛ̃kaˈʁe]) was a French mathematician and theoretical physicist, and a philosopher of science. Poincaré is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as The Last Universalist, since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime and others) in the paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies The Annus Mirabilis papers are the papers of Albert Einstein published in the Annalen der Physik scientific journal in 1905. These four articles contributed substantially to the foundation of modern physics and changed views on space, time, and matter. The Annus Mirabilis is often called the "Miracle Year" in English or in German, the &".[1] It generalizes Galileo's principle of relativity Galilean invariance or Galilean relativity is a principle of relativity which states that the fundamental laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames. Galileo Galilei first described this principle in 1632 in his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems using the example of a ship traveling at constant speed, without rocking, on a–that all uniform motion In physics, an inertial frame of reference is a reference frame, tied to the state of motion of an observer, with the property that each physical law portrays itself in the same form in every inertial frame. The contrasting case is the set of non-inertial frames, in which the laws of physics change from frame to frame, and the usual forces is relative, and that there is no absolute and well-defined state of rest (no privileged reference frames In theoretical physics, a preferred or privileged frame is usually a special hypothetical frame of reference in which the laws of physics might appear to be identifiably different from those in other frames)–from mechanics Mechanics is the branch of physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effect of the bodies on their environment. The discipline has its roots in several ancient civilizations (see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics). During the early modern to all the laws of physics A physical law or scientific law is a scientific generalization based on empirical observations of physical behavior . Laws of nature are observable. Scientific laws are empirical, describing the observable laws. Empirical laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments and simple observations, over many years, and which, including both the laws of mechanics and of electrodynamics Classical electromagnetism is a branch of theoretical physics that studies consequences of the electromagnetic forces between electric charges and currents. It provides an excellent description of electromagnetic phenomena whenever the relevant length scales and field strengths are large enough that quantum mechanical effects are negligible (see, whatever they may be.[2] Special relativity incorporates the principle that the speed of light The speed of light is a physical constant, and is the speed at which electromagnetic radiation, such as light, travels in vacuum. Its value is 299,792,458 metres per second. This constant is significant in the understanding and study of astronomy, space travel and other fields is the same for all inertial observers The term observer in special relativity refers most commonly to an inertial reference frame. Less often it may refer to an arbitrary non-inertial reference frame; in particular, a Rindler frame is sometimes called an "accelerating observer". In such cases an inertial reference frame may be called an "inertial observer" to avoid regardless of the state of motion of the source.[3]
This theory has a wide range of consequences which have been experimentally verified,[4] including counter-intuitive ones such as length contraction Length contraction, according to Hendrik Lorentz, is the physical phenomenon of a decrease in length detected by an observer in objects that travel at any non-zero velocity relative to that observer. This contraction is usually only noticeable, however, at a substantial fraction of the speed of light; and the contraction is only in the direction, time dilation Time dilation is a phenomenon described by the theory of relativity. It can be illustrated by supposing that two observers are in motion relative to each other, and/or differently situated with regard to nearby gravitational masses. They each carry a clock of identically similar construction and function. Then, the point of view of each observer and relativity of simultaneity The relativity of simultaneity is the concept that simultaneity is not absolute, but dependent on the observer . That is, according to the special theory of relativity, it is impossible to say in an absolute sense whether two events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space. Where the event occurs in a single place — for, contradicting the classical notion that the duration of the time interval between two events is equal for all observers. (On the other hand, it introduces the space-time interval In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that combines space and time into a single continuum. Spacetime is usually interpreted with space being three-dimensional and time playing the role of a fourth dimension that is of a different sort than the spatial dimensions. According to certain Euclidean space perceptions, the universe has three, which is invariant.) Combined with other laws of physics, the two postulates of special relativity predict the equivalence of matter The term matter traditionally refers to the substance that all objects are made of. One common way to identify this "substance" is through its physical properties; a common definition of matter is anything that has mass and occupies a volume. However, this definition has to be revised in light of quantum mechanics, where the concept of & and energy In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force, an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law. Different forms of energy include kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, sound, light, elastic, and electromagnetic energy. The forms of energy are, as expressed in the mass-energy equivalence In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the concept that the mass of a slow moving body is a measure of its energy content. The mass of a body as measured on a scale is always equal to the total energy inside, multiplied by a constant c2 that changes the units appropriately: formula E = mc2, where c is the speed of light The speed of light is a physical constant, and is the speed at which electromagnetic radiation, such as light, travels in vacuum. Its value is 299,792,458 metres per second. This constant is significant in the understanding and study of astronomy, space travel and other fields in a vacuum.[5][6] The predictions of special relativity agree well with Newtonian mechanics in their common realm of applicability, specifically in experiments in which all velocities are small compared to the speed of light. Special relativity reveals that c is not just the velocity of a certain phenomenon—namely the propagation of electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic radiation is a ubiquitous phenomenon that takes the form of self-propagating waves in a vacuum or in matter. It consists of electric and magnetic field components which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy propagation. Electromagnetic radiation is classified into several types (light)—but rather a fundamental feature of the way space and time are unified as spacetime In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that combines space and time into a single continuum. Spacetime is usually interpreted with space being three-dimensional and time playing the role of a fourth dimension that is of a different sort than the spatial dimensions. According to certain Euclidean space perceptions, the universe has three. One of the consequences of the theory is that it is impossible for any particle that has rest mass to be accelerated to the speed of light.
The theory is termed "special" because it applies the principle of relativity In physics, the principle of relativity is the requirement that the equations, describing the laws of physics, have the same form in all admissible frames of reference only to frames in uniform relative motion In physics, an inertial frame of reference is a member of the subset of reference frames with the property that every physical law takes the same form in each such frame. In contrast, in the set of non-inertial frames the laws of physics are frame-dependent, and the usual physical forces must be supplemented by fictitious forces. In flat.[7] Einstein developed general relativity General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916. It is the current description of gravitation in modern physics. It unifies special relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, and describes gravity as a geometric property of space and time, or spacetime to apply the principle more generally, that is, to any frame so as to handle general coordinate transformations In theoretical physics, general covariance is the invariance of the form of physical laws under arbitrary differentiable coordinate transformations. The essential idea is that coordinates do not exist a priori in nature, but are only artifices used in describing nature, and hence should play no role in the formulation of fundamental physical laws, and that theory includes the effects of gravity Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which objects with mass attract one another. In everyday life, gravitation is most commonly thought of as the agency which lends weight to objects with mass. Gravitation causes dispersed matter to coalesce, thus accounting for the existence of the Earth, the Sun, and most of the macroscopic objects in the. From the theory of general relativity it follows that special relativity will still apply locally (i.e., to first order In science, engineering, and other quantitative disciplines, orders of approximation refer to formal or informal terms for how precise an approximation is, and to indicate progressively more refined approximations: in increasing order of precision, a zeroth order approximation, a first order approximation, a second order approximation, and so) to observers moving on arbitrary trajectories In physics, the world line of an object is the unique path of that object as it travels through 4-dimensional spacetime. The concept of "world line" is distinguished from the concept of "orbit" or "trajectory" by the time dimension, and typically encompasses a large area of spacetime wherein perceptually straight[8], and hence to any relativistic situation where gravity is not a significant factor.
USSR postage stamp dedicated to Albert Einstein
New York Times
... that it is like it has always existed (like laws of physics), and that Mozart just uncovered it (like Einstein uncovered the law of relativity ). ...
(32bitHermes)
hu, 08 Oct 2009 03:13:10 GM
It is not my opinion. It is a statement of the principle of simultaneity: You have constructed a flawed analogy, and committed blasphemy against your Forefathers in ...
Q. A difference between the special and general theories of relativity is that... special relativity is valid only in stationary reference frames. general relativity only deals with swiftly moving objects. general relativity deals with accelerated systems. special relativity deals with accelerated systems.
Asked by Mommy of 5 - Tue Jul 29 12:43:57 2008 - - 5 Answers - 0 Comments
A. general relativity deals with accelerated systems
Answered by rijim2001 - Tue Jul 29 13:57:18 2008
