Logic, from the Greek λογική (logiké)[1] is the art and science of reasoning.[2] There are many different conceptions of what the field of logic comprises. How these notions relate to each other can sometimes be controversial. Logic is considered by some to be the study of the general features, or form, of arguments, as is studied in the sub-disciplines of informal logic and critical thinking. Another notion is that logic is the study of logical truths and their nature. Another notion is that logic is the study of formally valid inferences and logical consequence. Still another notion is that it is the mathematical study of formal languages.[3]
It is defined by the Penguin Encyclopedia to be "The formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning".[4] As a discipline, logic dates back to Aristotle, who established its fundamental place in philosophy. It became part of the classical trivium, a fundamental part of a classical education, and is now an integral part of disciplines such as mathematics, computer science, and linguistics.
Logic concerns the structure of statements and arguments, in formal systems of inference and natural language. Topics include validity, fallacies and paradoxes, reasoning using provability and arguments involving causality and time. Logic is also commonly used today in argumentation theory.[5]
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